E-Book (PDF).The Skopos theory accounts for different strategies in different situations, in which the source text is not the only factor involved.
Skopos Theory Book Download Combining Functional
Skopos theory, originated from modern functionalism in translation study, attaches great importance to the targeted readers of the translated version of certain texts. To have a better grasp of skopos theory, in this chapter, we will explore the origin and development of skopos theory and the fundamental rules attached to it. 3.1.Synopsis : Combining Functional Linguistics and Skopos Theory written by Chrystalla Thōma, published by Peter Lang Pub Incorporated which was released on 01 January 2006. Download Combining Functional Linguistics and Skopos Theory Books now! Available in PDF, EPUB, Mobi Format.The Possibilities of Skopos Theory.
Instead, the author and the intended audience and the purpose of communication should also be considered.Skopos theory is closely related to text-types and also emphasizes the importance of translation purposes. In relation to translation, it can be said that translation is not only the business of analyzing the source text sentence by sentence. The way in which it is situated in an interactional, communicative context. Text linguistics takes into account the form of a text and its setting, i.e. The technique is proposed by considering two influential concepts in translation theory, i.e., Text Linguistics and Skopos Theory.Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication systems. This paper aims to propose a translation teaching technique to train the students to produce target texts demanded in the translation business.
According to Hariyanto (2006), there are two markets for translation business, i.e. The activities have created a new profession, i.e. Prior to giving a translation practice, therefore, the teacher writes the clearest translation brief possibleKeywords: text linguistics, skopos theory, classroom teaching, translation teachingTranslation has been done since long time ago. The translation teaching materials are selected based on the text type and difficulty levels, students are trained to do text-analysis and be made aware of the purpose of the source text is not always the same with the purpose of the target text.
With academic motivation, the publishers translate books to meet academic demand. At least there are three motivations: academic, empowerment and business motivations. Publishers publish translated books for several reasons.
This is not to mention “copy left” publishers who publish book translated book without first buying the copyright. Hence, publishers pay less when they publish translated books than when they publish books written by local writers. As a comparison, local writer’s royalty is 10% to 20% and royalty for translated book is only 6% to 7%. Publication of translated books is more profitable rather than publishing local works. Finally, as the most dominating motivation, publishers translate and publish books for economic reasons. They also translate and publish books to empower the readers, for example, in the fields of democratization, human rights, entrepreneurship and other fields.
With globalization, many manufacturers want to sell their products in other countries. This is illustrated by the high demand of the translation version of Harry Potter, the best seller novel ever.The translation business in the international market is boosted by the globalization needs. In terms of marketing, some translated books are already backed up with international success.
Upon completing, the target text is then discussed in great depth and detail by the whole class to find out what is lack in the translation. The teacher gives out a source text to the students and then without any briefing and notes asks them to translate the text in the class or at home. Chriss, as cited by Nababan (2007:2), states that up to these days the basic approach in translation teaching seems to remain unchanged from the time of the School of Scribes in Ancient Egypt. They do not only cover novels and textbooks but also websites and software interfaces.The great challenges of translation business illustrated above, however, are not paralleled with the fact found in educational institutions producing potential translators.
Literary translation is the translation of literary works and Bible, and general translation is translation of newspaper, information text and advertising. For Indonesian publishers, translators translate textbooks, popular books, novels, children books, books on Information Technology (IT) and many others as for many international and a few national translation agents, Indonesian translators work on texts like technical manuals, websites, software interfaces, advertisements, legal documents, annual reports, and many others.In relation to text-type, Snell-Hornby (1988) classifies translation into three general categories: literary translation, general translation and special language translation. Thus, in its discussion this paper explicates some concepts of Text Linguistics, Skopos Theory andits Translation-oriented text analysis and then describes the translation teaching technique proposed.It is mentioned in the background of this paper that texts to be translated in translation business nowadays are various. The technique is proposed by considering two influential concepts in translation theory, i.e., Text Linguisticsand Skopos Theory. A question to ask is then “good for whom?” or “on what criteria or bases”? As a consequence, such practice can hardly produce potential translator who can take the challenge of the translation business in which a target text should firstly meet the purpose of translating the source text.This paper, therefore, aims to propose a translation teaching technique which hopefully can train the students to produce target texts demanded in the translation business.
Text linguistics takes into account the form of a text and its setting, i.e. This can be seen in the following chart.Chart 1: Text Types and Relevant Criteria for TranslationWhat is text linguistics anyway? In general, it can be said that text linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication systems. For all of these translation types, text linguistics is necessary.
This kind of texts plainly communicates facts, information, knowledge, opinions, etc. A text is classified as an informative text if the content is the main focus. As a matter of fact, her approach considers the text rather than the word or the sentence as the translation unit and hence the level at which equivalence is to be sought.She classifies texts based on discourse function into: (a) informative, (b) expressive, and (c) operative. Instead, the author and the intended audience and the purpose of communication should also be considered.In relation to this, Reiss (1977/1989) has been very influential in focusing attention on the function of text – both in the context of the original and in the context of the situation that demands a translation. In relation to translation, it can be said that translation is not only the business of analyzing the source text sentence by sentence. Thus, author of a text and its addressee are studied in their respective social and/or institutional roles in the specific communicative context.
Here the text appeals to the readers to act in a certain way by persuading, dissuading, requesting, and cajoling them. Next, an operative text is a text whose focus is the appellative aspect. The examples are imaginative creative literature texts. Both the author and the message are what are foregrounded. Texts are called expressive if the focus is on creative composition and aesthetics aspects.
The translation of an operative text has to employ the adaptive method, where the translator tries to create the same effect on the readers, as the ST. The target text of an expressive text should use the identifying method, the translator having to look at it from the ST author’s standpoint. The target text of an informative text should be in plain prose with explication where required, because the aim is to transmit the referential content of the text.
She thinks that one could measure the adequacy of a target text (TT) by intra-linguistic criteria—like semantic, grammatical and stylistic features—and extra-linguistic criteria—like situation, subject field, time, place, receiver, sender and implications like humor, irony, emotion etc. Thus while the translation of any content-oriented text has to aim at semantic equivalence, and a popular science piece will have to preserve the ST style, there is greater need to retain a metaphor in an expressive text than in an informative target text. Chart 2: Functional Characteristics of Text Types and Links to Ttranslation MethodsReiss (1977/1989) also talks of evaluatory criteria, which vary according to text types.
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